Embryonic Stem Cells Research Worth Pursuing - 1201 Words

Lauren Sauer Mrs. Vogan Research Paper 24 February 2015 Embryonic Stem Cells: Research worth Pursuing â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life, and give hope for life to millions of people,† said politician Jim Ramstad. This is a very powerful statement, and a very accurate statement. The solution to curing many diseases is just around the corner because of the advancements in embryonic stem cell research. The much needed support of society can speed up the progression of this research so lives can start to be saved. Embryonic stem cell research should be pursued because it has the potential to help or even cure many diseases, shows more promise than adult stem cells, and is morally ethical. Embryonic stem cells are found in human blastocysts (Marcovitz 17). A blastocyst is a very young embryo (just a few days old) that contains around 200 undifferentiated stem cells (Marcovitz 17). German Zoologist Valentin Hacker coined the term â€Å"stem cell† after he discovered them in a blas tocyst of a crustacean (Marcovitz 18). Embryonic stem cells were collected for the first time in 1988 by Dr. James Thomson of University of Wisconsin and by Dr. John Gearheart of Johns Hopkins (Panno 76). These stem cells are unspecialized; they do not perform a specific function like cells such as muscle and nerve do (â€Å"Stem Cells†). They are also pluripotent, meaning they have the ability to divide and become specialized cells (â€Å"Stem Cells†). This is why stem cells hold soShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Field Of Science And Medicine2460 Words   |  10 Pagesissues such as the use of stem cells and genetic engineering practices like cloning. The advancement of technology in the field of science and medicine has allowed scientists to carry out new procedures like the ones listed above, rather than wonder if they are even possible. But scientific progress doesn’t come about without a little debate over whether or not this new technology is being used in an ethical manner. For example, many people are opposed to the use of stem cells from an aborted fetus becauseRead MoreEssay about We Must Ban Therapeutic Human Cloning2815 Words   |  12 Pagesoppose a ban on cloning for research and experimentation--known as therapeutic cloning--arguing that such a cloning license is necessary to the development of future medical treatments for human ailments. This opposition to a ban on human therapeutic cloning is misinformed.    The case against cloning, including therapeutic cloning, has mainly been argued on grounds of morality. Opponents have warned that creating embryos through cloning for the purpose of research (with the full intentionRead MoreThe Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research1990 Words   |  8 Pages The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the past 40 years. In most cases the topicRead More The Future Of Cloning Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesOn July 5, 1996, a sheep named Dolly was born, having been cloned from an adult sheep cell. This event brought with it a swirl of controversy regarding the implications of cloning. Just days after the event, Bill Clinton banned all federal funding for human cloning research in order to analyze the legal and ethical ramifications of human cloning. Cloning of both humans and animals has amazing potential in research and medicine, but there are drawbacks. There are many ethical, ph ilosophical, and religiousRead MoreHuman Augmentation And Human Enhancement1617 Words   |  7 Pagesitself. Traffic accidents and war amputations are also spurring interest in the field. Scientists are already able to engineer tissue using various biomaterials, and believe that stem cells, especially ones called induced pluripotent stem cells (adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state) provide another significant opportunity in this field. With anything new and relatively unexplored, there is bound to be skepticism. While human beings are extremelyRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesthoughts on the World Wide Web, and consequently to the whole wide world, without being subject to the scrutiny of an intermediary. †¢ Promote a culture of self-absorption †¢ Live in a little bubble of their own with inflated feelings of self-worth and a general uncaring attitude †¢ Afford new avenues of self-expression and actualization †¢ Transcended temporal and geographical boundaries to bring us in greater contact †¢ Given us so many new perspective on this world and enable us toRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesmembership of learned societies, and scientific publications, is doubling every 15 years. The money spent on applied research is doubling every 7 years, and so also is the demand for electronics and aviation. If all these processes were to continue unchecked . . . within about 100 years every one of us would be a scientist, the entire national output would be absorbed in research, and we should be spending most of our lives airborne at 40 000 feet. â€Å" . . . world population, and also the availableRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesare a key learning vehicle for the module. Students are also required to conduct group and individual research into organisations. A series of surgery sessions and online-mediated sessions are available to students wishing to reinforce their learning. Key skills are developed in the areas of team work, oral and written communications, selection and application of data collection methods, research and referencing skills, data analysis and on-line communications. The strategic management module hasRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesconsumer behaviour Understanding industrial consumer behaviour Customer satisfaction Customer relationship management Marketing of services Rural marketing Types of marketing research Process of marketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing research Applications of marketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online m arketing E-commerce Trends in marketing Page No. Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. MarketingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesthink you will find the following classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck

A Rose for Emily Insanity, Murder and Death Essay

Kimberly Sargent Dr. Ha-Birdsong English 1213 October 24, 2008 â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: Insanity, Murder and Death â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, is a short story telling the life of Emily Grierson Throughout the story, Emily progresses from being a young â€Å"slender figure in white† (82) to, after her father’s death, having short hair that made â€Å"her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows-sort of tragic and serene† (83), and finally looking â€Å"bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue† (81) with â€Å"her hair†¦turning†¦pepper-and-salt iron-gray† (85). Emily eventually becomes a recluse, living and sleeping with the dead body of Homer Baron. Emily clings†¦show more content†¦Emily keeps telling everyone â€Å"that her father was not dead† (83). Now some readers may say that this is considered normal behavior when people are grieving - to deny the death of a loved one. But in Emily’s case this reaction shows that she refuses to let go of the past. The progression of Emily’s insanity and twisted perception of reality is also seen in her relationship with Homer Baron. When Homer Baron comes to town after her father’s death, Emily attaches herself to him. Even though the townspeople are shocked that Emily is going on carriage rides with â€Å"a Northerner, a day laborer† (83), no one says anything to her despite their concerns: that â€Å"even grief could not cause a real lady to forget nobles oblige† (83). The saying â€Å"Poor Emily† (83) starts circulating among the townspeople along with the references to the fact that â€Å"old lady Wyatt, (Emily’s) †¦ great-aunt, had gone completely crazy† (82). The townspeople seem concerned about Emily and state that they believe â€Å"her kinfolk should come to her† (83) to remind her of who she is. Meanwhile, Emily continues to carry â€Å"her head high†¦ [and demands] more than ever, the recognition of her dignity as [being] the last Grierson† (83). Everyone in town knows that Homer has stated that â€Å"he liked men †¦. and was not the marrying kind† (84). Yet Emily continues to see Homer Baron [and] goes so far as to order him a â€Å"toilet set in silver, with the letters H. B. on each pieceShow MoreRelatedThe, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Mississippi Native William Faulkner s `` A Rose For Emily ``869 Words   |  4 Pagesand Mississippi native William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both contain extreme delusional characters (â€Å"Charlotte Perkins Gilman†, â€Å"William Faulkner†). These characters lose touch with the real world and slowly begin to exhibit madness. Although both characters are unable to grasp reality, they both express distinct methods that show the severity and capability of their insanity. Gilman’s and Faulkner’s main characters, Emily and the other who is unnamed, both lose touch with realityRead More Essay on the Structure of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily640 Words   |  3 PagesThe Structure of A Rose for Emily    William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is a story that uses flashbacks to foreshadow a surprise ending. The story begins with the death of a prominent old woman, Emily, and finishes with the startling discovery that Emily as been sleeping with the corpse of her lover, whom she murdered, for the past forty years. The middle of the story is told in flashbacks by a narrator who seems to represent the collective memory of an entire town. Within these flashbacksRead More A Rose For Emily by Willaim Faulkner Essay examples574 Words   |  3 PagesA Rose For Emily nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;William Faulkners story A Rose For Emily, is a tragic story about a young lady by the name of Miss Emily Grierson. Emily came from a well to do family, that had allot of history in the town they lived in. The Griersons were so powerful, that they did not have to pay any taxes. The whole town seemed to think that the Griersons were snobby because in Emilys fathers eyes, none of the men where quite good enough for Emily. Unfortunately, Emily turnedRead More A Rose for Emily: Factors the Impacted Miss Emilys Behavior554 Words   |  3 Pages A Rose for Emily: Factors the Impacted Miss Emilys Behavior A Rose for Emily is a fictional short story written by 1949 Nobel Prize winner William Faulkner. Faulkners A Rose for Emily is about an aristocratic woman who lived a very secretive and unusual life. Miss Emily had always been very sheltered by her father. He was the only man in her life and after his death, her behavior became even more unnatural. However her fathers death cannot be seen as the only cause of MissRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1427 Words   |  6 Pagesalso feel animosity towards that makes â€Å"A Rose for Emily† so page-turning. The antagonist, Emily Grierson, is a pretty mysterious woman. Her father dies, she is left with almost nothing, she meets a man, and then she stops leaving her house. In literature, the tone is the narrator’s attitude towards his/her subject. Additionally, the style of a short story is the way the writer structures the plot and the manner that it is conveyed. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, it is a lmost impossible to truly look intoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1356 Words   |  6 Pageswith post-partum depression. In this time period, the treatment of mental illness typically did more harm than good as electroshock therapy, and the rest cure were the classic treatments of choice. Similarly, William Faulkner, the author of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written in 1930, gives the reader an inside look upon an elderly woman experiencing mental distress. Although there are major signs of an issue being present within Miss Emily’s old, southern house, the town chooses to ignore and cover themRead MoreComparison and Contrast of the Yellow Wallpaper and the Rose for Emily1078 Words   |  5 PagesParis Claypool Eng 120 Essay 1 06/12/2010 A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"A Rose for Emily’’ By William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,† are two short stories that both incorporate qualities of similarities and difference. Both of the short stories are about how and why these women changed for lunacy. These women are forced into solitude because of the fact that they are women. Emily’s fatherRead MoreInside The Mind Of Emily Grierson1437 Words   |  6 PagesInside The Mind of Emily Grierson Mental illness is not an uncommon thing to come across when faced with traumatic or psychologically damaging events. It is a combination of both of these in the case of Emily Grierson within William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. A strong reliance on her father due to his strict rule prohibiting her from seeing other men combined with his passing and initially denial of his death results in Miss Emily being both mentally unstable and completely disconnectedRead More Isolation And Loneliness in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner807 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation And Loneliness in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner In many works of literature, some characters isolate themselves from society due to certain events that happen in their life that make them isolate themselves. Isolation from the society can cause loneliness in ones life. In â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, William Faulkner suggests that isolation from society can cause people to do unspeakable acts because they are lonely. The main character, Emily Grierson lives her lifeRead MoreA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sections

URL Diagram in Programming

Question: Describe about the URL Diagram in Programming? Answer: Introduction Indias Daughter is one of the best documentary film which is based on the gang rape of the Delhi woman, who was just a student. The film has been compiled in such a manner that the excerpts who did the activity were seen broadcasted, thereby, forcing the court to put a stay order the same. It was shared via social media and there is a complete board of all the assaults and gang rape through it. Some of them received emergency treatment after that and a serious pattern of injuries. The incident was all about the assault done when the girl was thrown from the bus. There are certain condemned and triggering protests which led to not provide enough protection to the women. It is important to take care of the women as there is harm done to them without even a though. Twitter is claimed to have the best API system which helps in describing and handling different platforms across devices. The overview of the final API system works on highlighting the RSS, XML and Atom feedback. The major formatting is based on JSON which is consecutively dropping the support for the RSS feed and Atom. Working on the two major feedback formats, there is a need to work on the serving up of web feeds which will include all the texts and the audio formatting. The major usage of the RSS is mainly to subscribe and handle the web content from different blogs and broadcast to subscribe on twitter. The inspectional pattern works where the Twitter has tried to develop access to the social aggregation as per the RSS usage and the put to tweet based on message of different services. There are life stream services which include things as per the Friend Feed systems and turn to pull in and cross to different posts. With the aggregation, there are apps used to change and authenti cate properly using the development and what the data wants out of particular requirement. There is a need for OAuth development in order to stop the behaviour of abuse and handle the control and monitoring the systems. This will help the end users to work where twitter claims the usages of complete change in the apps and services depending upon the data feeds. The pattern and usage of RSS feed is based on applying on different support makes which will be under the ability to build the user and the hashtags based on the timeline system. There are different Twitter timeline features which are helpful to be created under the even interaction that search and pull in full conversation based on the changes for certain hashtags. There are broader ecosystem which impact the complete system enquiry and work on changing the functioning and development. There are user tokens for different applications work on Twitter which can cap into using the changes. The Twitter is applied to hold and set the clients to replicate and work on the certification of product depending upon rules and regulation. There are certain API terms which are important for taking care that the data is not syndicated. It is important beca use Twitter can absorb data and work on the exposure of an API system with respect to the cloud servicing. There are certain URLS which run on the Twitter to handle the feature built systems important for the news aggregation. The time spend on twitter directs to Instagram and other services for different tweets of user. When the CEO Mike McCue speculated and resigned, he decided that the API terms could potentially limit and pull all the data from different streams of twitter. This will help in sorting and handling the development of power usage as per the rules and regulations. Twitter is mainly for all the registered users who can read the posts and work and get the access easily. There is a possibility to reach to different people and get the solutions of their queries online. The software development is based on designing the software and working on different platforms which will direct to handle the activity as per the usage of the maintenance of service codes. This applied to handle the planned and structured proceed as per the development which includes the research and prototype as per the maintenance. The software tries to provide a variety of needs important for the clients and business to work on a more customised software system. RSS is Really Simple Syndication which works on different web feed formats and try to hover on all the used publishing based on the works like blogging and other headlines of news. This will be in a standardised format when the RSS document will try to include all the summarised texts and metadata for authorship and publishing different dates. This RSS feeds helps in beneficially matching to syndicate the entire content automatically and provide the standardised files XML files which will allow as per the information that will be published under the programs and the benefits readers take to subscribe under the timely updates. The favourite websites try to take care of the usage of software system called as RSS reader or aggregator which is based on web based systems and desktop based system and the mobile based devices. This will subscribe to enter into reading the feed and clicking on the feeding icon. The RSS develops and work to emerge on differentiated pattern which try to subscr ibe on different RSS feeds and work on handling the browsing monitoring for constant updates of information system. There are certain web based and desktop based feeds which are important to enter into the URL which will help in reading and checking the regularity of information and provide interface system. The tweets and hashtags are basically helps the users to update the profile and working on different web based relay chat which will help in remarkable involving in different principles that work to appear on the chronological order system. The scrolling down of page and different hashtags are important for different microblogging services. This will help in creating easy usage of system and searching that will present as per the usage and photo sharing on the Instagram and Twitter. The users can sign and work within IRC networks to label and come across different channels so that they will be insert the hashtags with style. The contribution of the hashtags in a statement helps in adding a location and contributing the risks to raise the ire of the communal system. There are warnings based on unrelated tweets that direct to settle the suspension. Certain functions are promoted and worked under the Hashtags which provide the intension to use the obscure system and led to the changing of functions with the system of finding and following. There are certain non-short-message-oriented services which are based on user comment systems and that directs to the blogging comments which can help in constant improving rate of the user activities on the search. There is a complete enabled view which will help in broadcasting and displaying a hashtag as per the encouragement during different programs. JSON is mainly for using the human read text which will help in transmitting the different data objects and contribute to the value which is used for the browser server communication setup. There are basic types which are number, string, Boolean, array and objects which are important for handling the complete collection and working to hold the intended work as per the flow of information. There are implementation based on the overflow and underflow that rounds to stand and work on the data errors and regular expressions. This will help in data formatting in a proper manner and focusing on the data serialisation impact. This will possess the system to execute the JSON text and work on the programming system to deal with the different data retrieving services. The data driven documents, d3, are mainly important for the interactive visualisations and helping to implement the complete CSS, SVG and other HTML5 standards. This is important to take a complete control over the visual that will develop and work on developing and interacting with the web. These are enabled using the links and different scroll pages that will monitor and handle the interactivity with the users. There are success based on the perfuse virtualisation system that try to develop and utilise the system as per the embedded system of the HTML webpage. The operations of D3 are mainly to build up a system which can sort, reverse and work on different accessing methods. These are for mapping and reducing the patterns of functionality for order and shuffling. It is the best support for mapping and setting the collections. UML Diagram The UML diagram for the system developed is as follows: The interface for the developed dashboard is an HTML file, which has been named as index.html, which is the standard name of homepage for any website. This has been done so, so that if the project is launched on a server, the homepage can be detected by the browser easily. The function created for the D3 implementation has been named as d3Function. It has been included as a script in the HTML file, which is index.html. The script has been added in the body part of the file. The function takes the input of twitter data from the JSON file, and make the plots accordingly. The variables are separated and analysed. The variables have been defined for each type of chart and functionality. The data input is taken in an array to be analysed and to be worked up on. The charts are plotted as bar chart a line chart. The area under the curve is shaded. The chart is drawn by the use of another function, which is drawChart function. It takes the data of date group, which is user defined, by scrolling, dragging and selecting the date group from the selector chart at the top of the screen. The day can also be selected for the same, and to plot the data of a specific day. The HTML file is linked with the JavaScript files of D3, twitter and other support files. CSS style sheet is also linked with the index file to style the webpage. System Architecture The MVC architecture (Model View Controller Architecture) has been followed in the development of the system. The system has been modelled using HTML pages, which is the interactive page of the system. The user can control the page, and interact with it using mouse clicks and drags. The help has been provided on the page for the mouse clicks and drags. This constitutes the view part of the architecture. The view has been supported by the following CSS files: css css Bootstrap-theme.css css css css The model has been made using D3 scripts and JavaScript. There are number of JavaScript used in the development of the software. They are: js js js js The database is the controller of the software. The database has been taken as an input from the JSON file obtained from twitter data for tweets. The JSON file has been included in the HTML pages using D3 functions. The following code has been used to obtain the JSON file: d3.json("tweets.json", function(error, data) The data obtained from the JSON file is then passed on to the other functions to plot the relevant results, tables and charts on the HTML. The data is in standard JSON format, and behaviour of the program can be changed by changing the JSON file. The hashtag is considered to handle the social network system where it is important for the users to depending upon the creation and usage of all hashtags. There is a searching based on presenting different messages along with tagging all the flow. There is a usage based on social activism. Working with the JQuery platform which will simplify the side client with the scripting to HTML. The installation of JQuery Is free open based which works on navigating a particular document and work to handle the elements and create animation for different events. With the development of all the capabilities, there are certain plugins to handle and create abstractions which works on the advanced effects of a higher level scheme. This will allow a creation of all the powerful dynamic patterns and select the transversal and enabling the selector engine system. The JQuery works on focusing: Encouragement in the separation of all the JavaScript and the HTML patterns. There is a need to provide all the simple syntax which will be able to handle the events and work over to call the JavaScript functions. There is a need to clear and promote with different features that will handle the functional names. The elimination of all the cross-browsing capabilities work on different browsing where the activities are slight to provide and handle the consistent interface patterns which work across different browsers. The extension of all the new events and elementary framework will try to handle and reuse them as plugins. With the browsing support, it is important to select all the multi-browsing open source patterns for using the elements and select the nodes depending upon the events all the animations. The JQuery structure is mainly to create and work on plugging in to extend the functionality which are available on Web. There is an important source of system which include all the patterns of development and provide a testing framework using a QUnit pattern. This is important for the automation framework of tests. The hashtags are intended to handle the particular event and work to reach to the trending topics and work on specific topics. The users need to work on finding and following all the subscription lists which will broadcast all the employed patterns. There is a need to use the social network by posting and hash-tagging with a particular subject. Sequence Diagram The sequence followed by the program is: The complete data is imported from the JSON file. The user can drag on chart to plot specific data. The reset button renders complete data again. Data Flow Diagram The data is imported from the JSON file. The data is then stored in a variable, and passed to the d3 function for the data analysis. D3 calls the specific plot functions and plots the data. The data driven documents work on making and handling the succession for the protovis framework. The D3.js allows to work on the development and handling the contexts to integrate with the user interactivity pattern. The efforts work on integration pattern for web browsing with the user rich interactivity. The profuse with the visualisation works on requiring the usage of Java and the visualisation pattern. There is a need to embed with all the HTML pages that use the D3 pattern with the JavaScript functions and working on adding transitions along with different styles of CSS. The D3.js works on generating the text and graphical patterns for the charts and programs. The selection of the CSS selector is working under the Document Object Model which operates and manipulate all the classes and identify the transitions. This includes in getting and matching with the attributes to display the texts and the styling depending upon the process of modification. The dependency on data works on transition of values and creating an interpolation of certain time. For advancement of data, there is a need to load the driving data with the element creation. The D3.js works on the given dataset systems for handling the SVG systems with the properties of shapes and colours to handle the transitional behaviours. The appending and bounding to the documents follow all the command with the existence of array support. The sorting, reverse and shifting and accessing methods work on concatenating the joins and slice with the computations of convex hull to a particular set of points. The broadcasting of all the media works to relate with the branded pattern of Twitter usernames which encourage and trend the hashtags. There is a twitter director that identify the usage of hashtags with the temporary pattern. the socialised system of works on social media platforms for a better customer service experience. Implementation The twitter data has been taken as input for the generation of charts. The data is stored in a JSON file. The d3 JavaScript has been used to take the data as input and analyse it. The analysed data is then plotted on graphs. HTML has been used as an interface for the output. The HTML page has been styled using CSS. D3 has been used as a script in the HTML file. Thee function has variables defined for SVG, data of the JSON file, the charts and its colours. The data range is cropped and used for analysing. Charts have been plotted for: Impression made by tweets Retweets Favourites User Profile clicks URL clicks Hashtag clicks An option has been provided for the user to filter the data based on time (by user interface in the chart), and days of the week. Testing The dashboard developed has been tested on the Mozilla Firefox browser. The rendering has been successfully completed, ad data has been plotted there. The website is, thus, ready to be launched on a server. The screenshot of the dashboard has been attached above. The JSON file for twitter data can be changed to analyse a different set of data. The browser has to be launched in developer mode to test the plots locally. The general mode doesnt allow import of JSON file, due to security reasons. This problem is not faced when the site is launched from a server. The JSON files works on defining a structure for the validation and the documentation formation. There is a need to work on controlling the interaction system and the JSON schema works on providing a better quality of data depending upon the modification. The concepts are based through the XML schema patterns which can help in serialisation and the deserialization of tools which are important for the schema and data. These schema are describing the entire data pattern. The applications of JSON works on the RPC control of protocol which builds and define structure to handle the types and commands of data. With the changing JSON technique, AJAX is added to it to handle the webpage to work for handling the webpage with the ability to request the new data patterns. The inc orporation and improvement of twitter is done through using a proper search box with the database to set up a server and work on the implementation format. There is a need to use and work on the client usage systems which will request the data to JSON from the server systems. For handling and creating the information, there is a process to collect data and process the information using the hashtags data which will help in setting the entire public API along with handling the tweets which will use the user and keywords to standardise the csv format. With the processing of data matter, there are words occurrence which will help in providing the steps under the tm packages. The associations file is where the source are the words which are important tweet and target the people and the value count. System Evaluation The software has been created with the following functionalities: Import of the twitter data, for the given hashtag, using JSON file. The implementation of D3 to import the JSON file. The storing of data in a local variable. The passing of data to the d3 function for analysis. The parsing of date in the required format. The call of respective plot functions. The viewing of tweets. The user interface with mouse click and drags. The implementation of an HTML page for the interface. The styling of TML pages using CSS files. The system is fully functional and can be launched on a server. Further Improvements The system can be further improved by implementing the following functions: The implementation of interface and interaction using keyboard. The real time fetching of data and plot accordingly, which is for the real time tweet feeds. The option to change the hashtag for which the data is fetched from the twitter feeds. Plot for more functionalities file: User profile Number of followers Number of retweets of retweets. Following count of the profiles. Time stamp of the tweets. Conclusion The software has been successfully developed. D3 has been used for data analysis, plotting, rendering and the overall development of dashboard. HTML has been used for the interface. JavaScript has been used extensively in the project. Twitter data has been analysed. The page has been styled using CSS file. The testing of the dashboard has been done on Mozilla Firefox browser. The site is working as expected. It can be launched on a web server. The data for the twitter analysis can be changed by changing the JSON file, as per requirement. The code has also been included in the HTML file to show the twitter data as well. It has been commented out, as it was used just for testing purpose. It can be shown again, if required, by just un-commenting the part of the code.

Essay on Barack Obama And Mitt Romney Essay Example For Students

Essay on Barack Obama And Mitt Romney Essay The United States of America is the land of opportunity and freedom. Americans take pride in having access to many rights; including the right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness as well as the ability to be their own individual. The United States government wants to ensure that nothing interferes with the rights, which the founders fought so hard to establish. While American politicians want to ensure that Americans are entitled to their rights different politicians prioritize issues as they often have contrasting views on which is more important for the American people. While campaigning to be the next president of the United States both Barack Obama and Mitt Romney for the most part had a difference of opinion on what was important and what the right course of action was, which resulted in their campaign platforms targeting different issues. In his 2008 presidential campaign speech, Senator Barack Obama’s platforms primary focus was ensuring that change came to America. Obama argued that President Bush and his Republican administration had not provided enough government programs for Americans, which had harmed their dignity. Obama sought to preserve Americans dignity by finding an alternative to the Republican philosophy of allowing Americans be their own individual arguing that the method had failed. Obama insisted that there was a way to be a successful individual with freedom while simultaneously having access to government assistance programs. Obama promised that each American had the, â€Å"freedom to make of our own lives†¦ but that we also have the obligation to treat each other with dignity and respect† (Obama, 2008). Obama argued that Americans needed to be cared for and instead of government cuts the focus shou. .ns in every aspect and this includes the lowest taxes. Romney believed that lower taxes would inspire people, which would create innovation and lead to a successful nation. As a result, both Obama and Romney believed they could make a difference in American politics and improve the lives of the American people. Both candidates waned the best for their people and nation. However, while Obama believed in providing an affordable healthcare plan, additional government programming and ensuring the preservation of American’s dignity; Romney believed that the focus should be on increasing national defense, limiting the federal government s role in the lives of Americans and promoting America’s greatness. In the end, both candidates recognize the importance of a good education and that America was the best nation in the world and the place where greatness is achieved.

Plot,setting, resolution, conflict, point of view, character, climax, of creole democracy by Rufino Blanco-Fombona free essay sample

â€Å"Creole Democracy† is a clear presentation of one fundamental defect from of government. Democracy is based on the concept of the rule â€Å"of the people, by the people, for the people. â€Å"The success of a democratic form of government is based on the nature and condition of the electorate that they are literate enough to express their will in the ballot, that they have sufficient education to understand and analyze and decide on vital issues, and that they canimpose discipline on their emotions and themselves. To meet these requirements of democracy, Fambona tells us, most developing countries are still incapable. So the story ends in tragedy and death with the participants not really knowing it is all about. II.Commentary According to Edward Brathwaite, â€Å"creolization† is a cultural process—material, psychological and spiritual—based upon the stimulus/ response of individuals within the society to their [new] environment and to each other—it is a reciprocal activity, a process of intermixture and enrichment, each to each. We will write a custom essay sample on Plot,setting, resolution, conflict, point of view, character, climax, of creole democracy by Rufino Blanco-Fombona or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Generally, we use the term creole to refer to new world societies like the Caribbean and South America, as well as those postcolonial societies that have been made racially diverse through the convulsions of European colonization. Those countries that have such creole democracy need to embrace, mixture of people, making a new community where there is co-existence of diverse races and culture. Creole democracy have two political parties rely on having the majority of votes on their side: â€Å"the efforts of the party leaders were directed toward herding the largest possible number of men.† One party is the government and the other one are rebels. Both of them in competition: â€Å"the bosses of each side would spy upon each other to see how many voters were being added to their rivals forces.† The voters are uneducated about how they will vote and are just merely instructed by their chosen party: â€Å"party hacks were going from group to group explaining the procedure of the morrows election.† The voters already have a foresight that there will bewar that will happen in this kind election and begin to show mistrust on the electorates: â€Å"`Elections! `scoffed one vaquero. `Before long well be hearing Pum! Pum! And then, ho, for stabbing hides!’ â€Å"War is not new anymore to them because it happened  before, especially during elections: â€Å"to this bit of grim humor in the face of possible tragedy.† and â€Å"this was a slogan familiar to everybody, and many smiled bitterly at the memories it awoke.† It is not impossible for this to happen because of the competition and influence of both parties. In war, the revolutionary officers have machetes while the rebels have guns on their hands. Both have a advantages and disadvantages: â€Å"for in a hand-on-hand struggle a heavy gun is a hindrance rather than a help. â€Å"Both parties are keeping a secret on the public: â€Å"they dont tell the truth. If were going to war, let’s go but let them not hide from us. â€Å"The story reveals the role of women. Men compare them to hens and portray them as weak beings: â€Å"Theyre not afraid that well run off into hiding like so many hens or women The party leaders dont care much about the safety of their people: â€Å"Be sure to cry out loud, now, when you want us to come to your help.† sending the vaquero to spy on the other party. In this scene, it shows that women in that time are used as a shield: â€Å"Heres a woman to go along and keep you company. â€Å"The vaquero acted arrogant and fearless as he go along and thought of his leader belittling him: â€Å"They think I’m afraid.† The young vaquero didnt think of any elderly respect for the old man as he killed him defenseless. But when he killed the old man he was scared but proud of what he did: â€Å"the youth run off at one at his leader and not without a certain boastfulness told, in the presence of all, just what had occurred. â€Å"A woman was again portrayed as rather someone to be killed even an elderly one: â€Å"Kill and old manWhy not an old woman† Realizing that the other group will hunt down the vaquero, he was just asked to h ide or hell die, receiving no help from the leader who used him: â€Å"I cant do a thing. Quick! Off to the mountains!† The vaquero didnt know that what he did was a crime as a sign of an uneducated man who just his leader: â€Å"Then it is true that this was a crime?† All that he thought was to kill the other party with one reason at all. That he is an enemy. Realizing his mistake he turned himself to justice. Having regrets of his ignorance and still confused: â€Å"But werent we supposed to conquer them? Werent they our enemies? â€Å"The people of Camoruco are not yet ready for democratic changes. For them to have a successful democracy, the public and the electorates should be first educated about the meaning of democracy. The story proved that education of  people and the leaders will only turn into chaos. The leaders should not think about themselves and be selfish but rather to put into mind that democracy is â€Å"of the people, by the people and for the people†. Each of the public should have a contribution for the success of the country not just merely being influenced by powerful leaders. The leaders of both party in the story dont have a clear goal of what they will do in their country, cant even notice the issues they are facing and discipline themselves rather all they want is to be in power.

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Orwell was born in 1903 in India where his family were members of the upper middle class. He was educated at Eton but refused to attend a higher education establishment but never the less was still very well educated. He joined the Burma Police Force instead for a six-year stretch. When Orwell returned to England, he began his writing career and produced some of his most famous works. His inspiration was the political state of Europe with dictators such as Hitler and Stalin dominant. This led to the novella Animal Farm, which was written in 1944. It shows Orwells disgust with Stalins style of socialism. Animal Farm was very controversial as the state of the USSR was admired by many socialists of the time; thus his publisher Victor Gollancz refused to accept it, as did T. S. Eliot and Jonathan Cape before Martin Secker Warburg, Ltd finally accepted it in 1945. This slowed the publishing of the novella by eighteen months. It is possible to trace the origins of Animal Farm back to Orwells spell of fighting in the Spanish Civil War. He saw himself primarily as a political writer. A democratic socialist, who avoided party labels, hated totalitarianism and he became progressively disillusioned with methods of communism, his plain, colloquial style made him a highly effective pamphleteer and journalist. One of his first pamphlets was called Inside the Whale (1940). Out of all Orwells work Animal Farm is still the most famous and the way it deals with political satire. Both Swift and Orwell mixed in literary circles, Swift with writers such as Steele, Addison, Congreve and Pope. Orwell with T. S. Eliot, Cyril and Virginia Wolf. Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin where he was educated at Trinity College. Swifts family originated in England, but then settled in Ireland, due his familys strong Protestant background, although he did support Catholics as well, as shown in Modest Proposal threw no separation of the poor, into religious beliefs. In 1689 Swift became private secretary to William Temple who introduced him to the literary, political and aristocratic circles of the time. It was from Temples style that Swift developed his literary powers and got involved in political affairs. During his time with Temple, Swift wrote three satires A Tale of a Tub, The battle of books and Discoveries concerning the mechanical operation of spirit. Swift became vicar of Laracor in Ireland but kept returning to England where he was heavily involved in politics. After Temple died Swift, began to produce pamphlets. In 1701 he wrote one praising the conduct of the Whig, or liberal leaders. This work, A discourse of the contest and dissensions between the nobles and commons in Athens and Rome. The majority of Swifts literary pieces are based on real people and events. For example Gullivers Travels (1726), lampooned the Whigs as the little men while his friends the Tories took the form of Gulliver. From this point on Swift focused his energy on Irish affairs. A Modest Proposal was written in 1729, as a pamphlet discussing the political state of Ireland at the time. Animal Farm and a modest Proposal are written in entirely different genres. Orwells Animal Farm, is written in the novella genre, more specifically as an extended fairy story. The novella is an allegorical representation of events in Russia following the fall of the Tsar in 1917. It mainly focuses on Stalins government of the country from the 1920s to the end of the Second World War. The story can also be taken as a more general attack on and analysis of the search for power and the way in which corrupt figures can gain and manipulate for their own purposes. The animals revolution directly mirrors the Russian Revolution; the animals over throw the humans, Just as the Bolshevik Party over threw the Romanov Dynasty. Swifts A Modest Proposal is written as a political pamphlet, arguing an expedient solution to the problem of poverty among Irelands poor. One of sixty plus pieces on Irish affairs Swift wrote after 1920. The pamphlet can be broken down into six sections. To begin with Swift sets out the problem, which is the overcrowding in Dublin, this is followed by his solution to sell yearling children of the poor, to the wealthy for food. In the next section Swift digresses and talks about how his suggestion can be executed. In the following section a list of advantages is given for the reader. Section five gives the reader some reasons why no other solutions will work. The final section is Swifts disclaimer, this covers him for has previously been said. Swifts satirical writing gives him the freedom to taunt the government of the time, with his appalling proposal. George Orwells style in Animal Farm is a novella as opposed to a pamphlet like Modest Proposal. This is noticeable through the narrative form, characters and a theme. The theme, corruption of power differs to Modest Proposal that concentrates not so much on corruption but an attack on the selfish misuse of power. E. g. Swift thought of himself as English. At the time of the Battle of the Boyne, when William defeated James II in 1690 (the Glorious Revolution had been peaceful in England but bloody in Ireland), Swift was with Temple in Surrey. Yet after this time he became increasingly known as an Irish patriot. What he experienced in Ireland was very similar to the experience of the American colonists under George III all the disadvantages of direct rule from London, and none of advantages. Since no politician in England gave much thought to Ireland, the land was bled by absentee landlords, denied fair trading terms and ruled by second-rate officials who could behave irresponsibly with no one to care about the consequences. Corruption is shown almost immediately through Old Major and his commandments, which act as a motif, misleading the animals into believing what he says is best for them. To begin with he tells the animals All animals are equal then the 7 commandments are abridged for the last time simply reading, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. At this point the pigs are behaving like humans: buying newspapers, smoking and wearing clothes. Although from the beginning the animals are anthropomorphic but still retain enough animal characteristics for them to be credible as farm animals. The pigs take this to the extreme. The authorial voice in Animal Farm is that of a storyteller writing in a traditional format. Simple detail is paid to characters and setting for example references to the farm and immediate identification with the animals: The hens perched themselves on the window -sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters Simple and straight forward. Animal Farm follows a conventional narrative structure. The narrator tells its events in chronological order. The story itself contains a believable mixture of human and animal characters- even when the human characters are seen to clearly understand what the animals are saying- for example, when Pilkington makes his to Napoleon speech at the end of the novel, the reader believes that the two understand each other. The repetition of various ideas and images forms a pattern in the text. In particular Majors speech at the start of the novella is echoed and referred to throughout the novella, to provide a standard by which the pigs actions are judged. The placing of the speech at the start of the novella, means that the reader shares the animals enthusiasm for the vision of the future and becomes progressively more disappointed as the novella continues and we see those ideals destroyed: we are told several times that the animals work like slaves. The novella is aimed at the masses, as it is cleverly written to reach the population on a number of levels; one being the message that not everything you are told by the authoritarian figure shouldnt be believed and trusted. Animal Farms purpose is to highlight the corruption of power in the USSR under Stalin. A Modest proposal however addresses only the educated middle classes. The authorial voice in A Modest Proposal is of an English economist, spoken in a matter-of-fact manner leading the audience into agreement with the argument, and then giving a massive blow with his actual proposal, the shock of undeniable cannibalism. E. g. always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. It could be argued that Orwells writing directly descends fro that of Swifts simple, straightforward and concise. The format of Animal Farm consists of very little dialogue, it is written in story form similar to a childrens storybook with a lot of information condensed into a few words. Orwell makes a statement and leaves it! The plot carries forward at a rapid rate and doesnt get involved in small affairs. Orwell allows events to speak for themselves. There are no lengthy sentences introspective passages or emotional feelings. It has an objective style with the reader always kept at arms length. The humans in the novel are stereotypical as is shown on page 41 with Mr Whymer the greedy lawyer He was a sly-looking little man. Orwells simplistic child-like style shows through with his explanation of what a cheque is. It is almost biblical in its simplicity. Biblical overtones appear again with the commandments, which equates to animalism 7 deadly sins. Swift uses syllogism in his proposal. He turns argument on its head to state the following: If starving children are killed at one year old. The children can help to feed the state. Therefore by the end of his proposal he states starving children can benefit the state. This is a style of argument, which shows Swifts indebtedness to Rabelais, who made much of this type of turning a point of view on its head. Another technique of Swifts is to write in character e. g. Gullivers Travels where he writes as a seafaring man on his travels. In Modest Proposal Swift writes as an economist. Therefore the horror of the proposal can be stated in all its shocking detail since it is no more horrible than the horrors already existing and which are sanctioned by that social group, which are the audience of the pamphlet. The educated and well to do classes who had been instrumental in passing the laws which had made Ireland so poverty stricken. Which gives the ultimate irony of A Modest Proposal! Reference to the oppressive laws, which the protestant parliament in London hand inflicted on catholic Ireland. Another technique in Modest Proposal is Swift developed one idea by continued reference to another so that every statement was double edged. E. g. I have already computed the charge . its for the carcass of a good fat child. The horrors are all the more effective because they are presented in such a matter of fact voice, they are introduced easily as evidence to support a rational argument. The appeal is to the readers practical reasonableness no attempt is made to incite pity or indignation, it is only at the end that he makes a full frontal. Swift like every writer has his critics. A. Humphreys says that he favours the intellectual exercise of forming a link between idea and image He puts forward the idea that Ireland is in desperate straits with the poor, and links this with the image of how the Irish poor live. Following on from this is the idea that the problem can be solved, which leads to the image of yearling children, being fattened for the table. a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food D. W Jefferson argues that too much emphasis has been placed on the simplicity of Swifts style. But he sees this style as having a wider purpose a) it follows the be Augustan style which stressed the need for clarity of expression but b) this simple style was essential for Swift because he was often putting over a simple tale i. e. simply told Gullivers Travels. This is also apparent in Modest Proposal where he takes on the persona of an economist who is setting out a list as it were of the economic status quo to follow it with a list of proposals to improve the situation. To concentrate on style in his manner however is to ignore the comic and sometimes-hilarious wit that Swift can show. For this he is indebted to Rabelais, Donne and Jonnson. E. g. In Tale of Tub he leans heaverily on Rabelais by the way in which he exploits ideas to build up comedy and by the way he misapplies learned ideas to support an audacious conclusion. Whilst the wit in Modest Proposal is not of the same satirical play on words as Animal Farm, it does none the less have a strong bite to it. E. g. in Animal Farm. We laugh at the animals, as the thought of a pig climbing up a ladder with a paintbrush in his trotter is amusing. Where as in Modest Proposal when the idea of stewing, roasting, baking or boiling a child is put across at first this is disturbing but taking it into context it is a witty description of a horrific suggestion. Many critics would argue that the greatest satire in English Language is Jonathan Swifts a A Modest Proposal, but because Swift and his narrator are so tightly intertwined, even sophisticated readers often emerge form their confused. He attacks his own Protestant, English community by creating a narrator who considers himself a reasonable and compassionate fellow, but who combines a repulsive anti-Catholic bigotry with modest proposal that is actually a final solution; he advocates cannibalism as a means countering Irish Catholic poverty, abortion, and the high birth rate. Orwells writing style descends directly from that of Swift the Augustan style of writing has been inherited through the centuries. Both literary pieces are political satires, portraying a government of the their time. Swifts is aimed at the upper class politicians in Ireland, where as Orwells is suitable for all ages yet still has a powerful message hidden within its meaning. Written in different genres to reflect was acceptable at the time of writing and the style they are written in. The problems that Orwell encountered when attempting to publish his novella are no means extinct, a twenty first novelist is still encountering these troubles as her novel is a political satire, that is satirising the current British government and their policies and conduct. Carole Haymans Hard Choices is said to be an inappropriate determination to satirise New Labour when Tony Blair is doing so much for America! The novella is futuristic set in 2010. So even today in a society that is said to have evolved and accepts most things and people the literary world is still encountering problems. In conclusion both Swift and Orwells pieces have fulfilled their intent to, instruct the public about the corruption that has in the past taken place within ruling parties and their level of power.

A Thousand Splendid Suns--see instructions Essay

A Thousand Splendid Suns--see instructions - Essay Example Under normal conditions, the more traditional and older Mariam would be an unlikely confidant and friend of the more educated Laila. Both come from different social classes but in spite of the efforts of the country to oppress its women, these two create strong bonds as a consequence of that very oppression. Mariam was raised in a small, run down shack outside of the main city of Herat. Though she was considered a strong girl, she was also taught to understand her place as a harami, or bastard child. She understood this to be an unattractive role, â€Å"that a harami was an unwanted thing; that she, Mariam, was an illegitimate person who would never have legitimate claim to the things other people had, things such as love, family, home and acceptance.† (Hosseini 4). While she understood this role, she questioned those in authority and the rules she was forced to follow and often dreamed of a better way of life. In fact, she was very close to her father, Jalil, who always spoke to her in kind words fueling her aspirations for something better as she knew being a harami was not her own fault. As she got older, she was tired of feeling guilty about the circumstances of her birth as â€Å"it did not occur to young Mariam to ponder the unfairness of apologizing for the manner of her own birth.† (Hosseini 11). A younger Mariam accepted her role, but the older one desired more in life. She was raised by her mother (Nana) and fell into a deep despair upon her death, especially as she is married off against her will to Rasheed. He forced her into submission taking away all of her hope of a better life until she finally had the courage to rise up in revenge and kill him. Unfortunately for her, the Taliban executed her for this murder. In contrast, Laila had a happier childhood, or at least as happy as it could be for a woman in Afghanistan in the midst of war. She was given an opportunity for education and to realize her full potential. Her father had

Relationship between heavenly love and earthly love Essay

Relationship between heavenly love and earthly love - Essay Example uses on the speech of Pausanias and Socrates, in the Symposium, and that of Augustine of Hippo, in explaining this concept of heavenly and earthly love. It will thereafter analyze any contrast or connection that exists between these teachings of love, with the ideas of Kant. In the symposium, Pausanias denotes that the goddess of love is Aphrodite and there are two types of love, the earthly love, and the heavenly love. Aphrodite is associated with both. Through this speech, we are able to find out that the Greeks believed that all types of love emanates from god that is Aphrodite (Plato, 535). This is both good and bad love. By good love, Pausanias means heavenly love, and by bad, love, Pausanias means common or earthly love. Pausanias believes that loving an individual is neither a positive nor a negative activity. This is because, if it is done properly, then this is a good love, and if it is done negatively, then it becomes a bad love (Plato, 536). Pausanias further believes that common love is bad. This is because the attraction that emanates from common love is indiscriminating, and it is always directed towards the body of an individual. This is as opposed to their minds. It is therefore to the belief of Pausanias, that the fruits of common love involve lust, an interest in women and men, and other negative issues such as sodomy, lesbianism, and even homosexuality. Relationships that are developed out of these issues emanate from common love, and they are only interested in the body of an individual, as opposed to the mind of an individual. Furthermore, the proponents of common love believe that when their target is less intelligence, then it is good. This is because they can easily get their target, and misuse them. Based on these facts therefore, it is possible to denote that earthly or common love, is selfish, and unjust, hence it is a bad type of love. Socrates explains this concept of heavenly love, based on the views of Diotima. Diotima explains that

Findyourdeal.com Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Findyourdeal.com - Thesis Proposal Example Specifications for all these components are standardized and are available off the shelf in any computer store or an e-commerce website. We will extensively use open source software applications to run our IS resources. Most of the open source software applications are royalty free, and hence will shoot down our costs. Some examples of free and open source applications will be Ubuntu as the operating system, Open Office as the general productivity suite, Mozilla Firefox/Google Chrome as the browser, GIMP as photo editor. We will outsource annual maintenance contracts to local hardware providers, thereby nullifying the requirement of any dedicated manpower for maintenance of hardware resources at out office. We will also employ freelance technical help personnel from lower cost economies to drive down our software maintenance costs. 1. Aggregate deals from companies: To keep costs down in the initial phase, we will use the internet to scout for deals being offered by companies. Sourcing of deals may be done through 3 distinct processes: E-commerce businesses range from a multibillion dollar business like Amazon, to really small mom-and-pop-managed kind of a website that generates not more than$5000 revenues in a month. The set of features required in an e-commerce website obviously depends on the present status of an e-commerce business, and also perhaps on the future growth potential. While the initial two components are common place, it selecting appropriate e-commerce software that will be a critical activity. Available e-commerce systems may be categorized using a whole lot of parameters like, Open source / Proprietary, Off-she Shelf/Custom made, Microsoft Technologies/LAMP based or Product/SaaS. Every available e-commerce component have its own utility and caters to a specific set of customers, we have chosen to use LAMP based open source e-commerce systems for our business. LAMP is an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL and

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay Rumba is the most sensual and most romantic of all Latin dances. Its a dance that tells a story about love and affection between a male lover and a bashful teasing woman. The Rumba is a slow dance that is said to be the Grandfather of the Latin dances and the dance of love. To pull off a great rumba dancers must show a very soft hip. When dancing this dance dancers must never do heels leads all steps are taken using the balls of the feet and the walks should be strong and straight. The original Rumba originated from African slaves during the 16th century but during WW2 another dance known as The Son became popular in Cuba it was still the Rumba but slower. Paso Doble Paso Doble meaning double step in Spanish is the most masculine and dramatic dance of all Latin dances. Traditionally the Paso Doble is about the matador killing the bull in which the man is the matador and the women is either the cape or the bull. This dance is different from other Latin dances because it didnt come from Latin America it originated from southern France but it is modeled after the drama, movement and sound of the Spanish bullfight, because the dance came from France the steps are in French. In Paso Doble there has to be tension between the dancers and dancers take strong steps forward and include artistic hand movements. Samba is a fun, fast and energetic party dance from Brazils Rio Carnaval. This dance not like the other ones is made up of different South American dances incorporated into one. It requires a lot of hip action and is meant to look bouncy and effortless. It is the hardest dance of all Latin dances. Samba begun in Brazil in the 19th century and it is performed as a street dance at Brazils carnaval. Samba is very popular in Rio and in the United States. It was first introduced in the U.S in 1933. Samba is danced by using the balls of the feet. Many samba dances include a move called Botafogo. The basic step is called a Volta. Mambo Sensual, Passionate, fast and all about the hips the Mambo is a fun dance that has Cuban and African rhythms. It originated from the Haitians living in Cuba. Mambo is popular around the world as both a competitive and social dance. Waltz The Waltz is danced all over the world whether in weddings, parties or competitions. It is a very elegant dance that is meant to look effortless and graceful. In Waltz your posture, frame, and foot work have to be excellent to make it look pleasant. Throughout the dance couples must rise, fall, and turn while keeping a closed hold. The character for this dance should be romantic, smooth, and gentle. The word Waltz comes from the German word Waltzen which means to turn. The Waltz originated in the 17th century in southern Germany and then became popular in France and England. Tango Tango is one of the most intriguing Ballroom dances. Its a very passionate and very seductive dance. Tango is one of the most common and classic ballroom dances worldwide. Most people that watch the tango get easily confused with the argentine tango. Even though the tango is inspired by the argentine tango they are both completely different dances in which the argentine tango is more passionate and fiery while the tango is a more progressive dance. The Tango originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the late 19th Century. The story behind the tango is that the Gauchos would ride their horses all day and later would go to the bar and dance with the ladies and since they hadnt showered they would usually dance with their faces away from each other. Foxtrot The Foxtrot is a very classy and very elegant dance. It is similar to the quickstep but slower. It is one of the most popular ballroom dances in history. Its known for its smooth style. The foxtrot was developed in the 1920s in the United States. It was invented by American vaudeville actor Harry Fox who performed it with his wife regularly at shows in New York. As a result People fell in love with its smooth movements. In Foxtrot the slow steps are performed with the heel while the quick steps are performed with the toe. The timing in foxtrot is very important. Quickstep The Quickstep is a fast and happy dance with difficult footwork. It is the fastest ballroom dance but fun and easy to learn. This dance originated in a place that doesnt exist now-a-days, called Black Bottom in Detroit. During the 1920s while people danced the foxtrot many bands would play the music too fast for them to keep up and then eventually over time a fast version was formed. Like the Foxtrot Quickstep is elegant. In Quickstep in must include fast kicks, and smooth gliding action. The basic feel of the Quickstep is Slow-Quick-Quick-Slow where the Quick is performed on the balls of the feet and the Slow on the heel. To make this dance look effortless dancers must be light on their feet. The costumes in dancing are as important as the dance. And like the dance the costumes are complex. If you have the right music and the right choreography but the wrong costume the whole dance is going to look completely off. The costumes should help tell the story of the dance. Dance costumes have changed so much since the 19th century womens dresses have gotten shorter, more revealing and are showier. And mens trousers were more fitted. The costumes in dancing take a while to design and make as they are so difficult and often have a lot of patterns and sequences. So shows like Dancing with the stars, strictly come dancing and many more usually design their costumes at least 6 months in advanced. Latin and ballroom dance costumes are completely different from each other. Ballroom dance costumes men were tuxedos sometimes with tails and women wear long-mid half dresses because ballroom costumes cant be flashy but have to be light, long, and not glitzy so it can highlight the story and style of dance. While the Latin dances have to be short, exotic, and glitzy to show how spicy the dance is. For this type of dance women wear short colorful dresses with a lot of sequences and rhinestones while the men wear shirts and trousers. The make-up is also important. In ballroom is soft but in Latin its more dramatic

A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini Essay -- Nation

A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved very strong right from the beginning and he brought his plans very nearly to completion, controlling the party and the country much more thoroughly than Mussolini could. The goals of these two leaders were also very alike because of their fascist ideas. The keystone of the fascist political system was the leader: every person and every group, every lobby, lay beneath him on the same level. The Italian and German fascist movements tr... ...m agreement on religion. In Italy the Catholic Church exercised a strong influence on the people. In Italy the strong presence of Catholic religion and organizations influenced Mussolini’s policies concerning women. Although the fascist ideology intended to abolish class struggle by establishing a new corporative society, its ideas about the role of women in such a society remained very conservative. Hitler had similar beliefs about the role of women in a Nazi society but he never tried to force them to stay home, indeed, he supported their participation in industrial production. Hitler’s rule was cold and calculating, his only joys were the tramping of military boots in Nazi parades and the huge applause at Nazi rallies. On the other hand Mussolini tried to appear o his people as a â€Å"superman†. It is true that the Italian dictatorship was more conservative in its application than that of Hitler’s reign of terror. But, both the fascist ideas and rulings of these two leaders proved to have some similarities worth mentioning. Both leaders left their countries with an economic and social debt to the Allies, which is still strong in the minds of many older members of the community.

As English Short Stories Summary

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS AS LITERATURE IN ENGLISH: SYLLABUS 9695 NOTES FOR TEACHERS ON STORIES SET FOR STUDY FROM STORIES OF OURSELVES: THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH FOR EXAMINATION IN JUNE AND NOVEMBER 2010, 2011 AND 2012 CONTENTS Introduction: How to use these notes 1. The Fall of the House of UsherEdgar Allen Poe 2. The Open BoatStephen Crane 3. The Door in the WallHG Wells 4. The People BeforeMaurice Shadbolt 5. A Horse and Two GoatsRK Narayan 6. JourneyPatricia Grace 7. To Da-Duh, In MemoriamPaule Marshall 8. Of White Hairs and CricketRohinton Mistry 9. SandpiperAhdaf Soueif 10. TyresAdam Thorpe These notes are intended to give some background information on each author and/or story as an aid to further research and to stimulate discussion in the classroom. They are intended only as a starting point and are no substitute for the teacher’s and student’s own study and exploration of the texts. Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) The Fall of the House of Usher This is one of the most famous gothic stories from one of the masters of the enre and contains many of the traditional elements of the genre, including horror, death, medievalism, an ancient building and signs of great psychological disturbance. The mood of oppressive melancholy is established at the opening of the story and here readers may note an acknowledgement of the appeal of gothic fiction: while there is fear and horror, the shudder is ‘thrilling’ and the ‘sentime nt’ is ‘half-pleasurable’. At the centre of the story are mysteries, about the psychological state of Usher himself and about his sister’s illness and death. The story only offers hints and suggestions; there is an ‘oppressive secret’, while the sister, buried in a strangely secure vault, returns as if risen from the dead to claim her brother. In archetypal gothic fashion, a raging storm of extreme violence mirrors the destruction of the family and its ancestral home. Horror stories and horror films continue to have wide popular appeal and it is worth considering why this is so, and in what ways this story fulfils the appeal of the horror story. Why are Usher’s and his sister’s maladies never identified? What does Madeline’s escape from the vault suggest? Wider reading Other gothic tales by Poe include The Masque of the Red Death, The Tell-Tale Heart and The Black Cat. The Woman in Black by Susan Hill Compare with The Door in the Wall by HG Wells The Hollow of the Three Hills by Nathaniel Hawthorne The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Online Biographical material and a searchable list of works can be found at: http://www. online-literature. com/poe/ Stephen Crane (1871-1900) The Open Boat This story is based on Crane’s own experience, when as a war correspondent, the boat he was travelling on to Cuba sank. He and others spent a number of days drifting in a small boat before reaching land. The story explores the fortitude of men in a shared plight and their companionship in the face of danger. The narrative style is factual and plain, perhaps mirroring the honest practicality of the men in the boat whose story is being narrated. It engenders an admiration of the skilled seamanship and calm demonstrated by the seamen. The drama in the story comes from the waves; the seamen converse, swap roles and encourage each other under the guidance of the captain. When they eventually reach shore, death comes to one of them, who is ‘randomly’ chosen. Without obviously aiming for pathos, Crane achieves it with the oiler’s death. The story, like the seamen, betrays ‘no hurried words, no pallor, no plain agitation’, but achieves a real sense of loss at its conclusion. Wider reading The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Typhoon by Joseph Conrad Compare with The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe How it Happened by Arthur Conan Doyle Real Time by Amit Chaudhuri Online Biographical material and a searchable list of works can be found at: http://www. nline-literature. com/crane/ HG Wells (1866-1946) The Door in the Wall As well as famous novels such as The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine, HG Wells wrote numerous short stories, many of which show the author’s interest in fantasy and the improbable, but a feature of the stories is the way in which Wells creates a sense of truthfulness in his narratives. This was demonstrated when a radio broadcast of an adaptation of The War of the Worlds in 1938 caused panic in New York, and can also be seen in the narrator’s concern with the truth of the story at the beginning of The Door in the Wall. Here the narrator is retelling the story of someone else, who in turn tells it to him with ‘such direct simplicity of conviction’. This creates a tension which remains throughout the story, which on the one hand is ‘frankly incredible’ while we are assured that ‘it was a true story’. The temporary childhood escape into the paradisiacal garden is evoked with nostalgic longing, but remains inexplicable. The character’s final death leaves questions for the reader; it is either another inexplicable event, or some kind of solution to the mystery. Wider reading Try either of the novels listed above, or other short stories by Wells, such as The Country of the Blind or The Diamond Maker. Compare with The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe The Signalman by Charles Dickens The Moving Finger by Edith Wharton Online Wells’ biography and a searchable list of works can be found at: http://www. online-literature. com/wellshg/ An account of the New York panic can be found at: http://history1900s. about. com/od/1930s/a/warofworlds. htm Maurice Shadbolt (1932-1985) The People Before Maurice Shadbolt is one of the towering figures of New Zealand literature, winning numerous awards and accolades for his work, much of which examines the history of the country through narrative. The central characters in this story are carving out a farming existence on the land, and the importance of land ownership to the family is made apparent in a number of phrases in the story. The narrator tells us that ‘my father took on that farm’, he refers to the importance of ‘Land of your own,’ which becomes ‘your own little kingdom’. The suggestions of the history of the land come through the discovery of the greenstone adzes and attitudes to the land are brought to the fore with the visit of the Maori group. Although Shadbolt characterises Tom Taikaka as pleasant, courteous and patient, there is the constant underlying acknowledgement of the Europeans’ displacing of the Maori from their land. Jim’s attempt at restoring the greenstone to Tom is symbolic of an attempt at restitution, and the reader is left to interpret Tom’s reluctant refusal. The return of the Maori elder to the land in death, and his disappearance, is another indication of his unity with the landscape and again demonstrates the different attitudes to land held by the Maoris and the Europeans, attitudes which remain polarised in the brothers at the end of the story. Wider reading Strangers and Journeys or The Lovelock Version by Maurice Shadbolt Playing Waterloo by Peter Hawes Compare with Journey by Patricia Grace Her First Ball by Katherine Mansfield The Enemy by VS Naipaul Online Biographical information and a critical review of Shadbolt’s work is available at: http://www. ookcouncil. org. nz/writers/shadboltm. html This newspaper obituary is also interesting: http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article497710. ece RK Narayan (1906-2001) A Horse and Two Goats Narayan has written numerous novels and short stories, many of them set in Malgudi, a fictional but typical small Indian town. His characters are invariably ordinary peopl e finding their route through Indian life. Although A Horse and Two Goats makes no reference to Malgudi itself, it is typical of these stories, as Muni tries to live and ease the burden of his poverty. The story is narrated with the non-judgemental understanding and gentle humour typical of Narayan’s writing. The narration emphasises the insignificance of the village, and by implication the insignificance of its central character, who is coping with poverty and domestic struggle and seeks to ease his way by deceit and invention. The big deceit of the story, though, happens through misunderstanding and without Muni’s volition, Narayan creating comedy through the two parallel lines of attempted dialogue between Muni and the American tourist. Within the comedy, though, Narayan shows the different values of the two, the American’s dialogue concerned with acquisition and possessions, while Muni is concerned with history and spirituality. Wider reading The Guide (novel) and Malgudi Days (short stories) by RK Narayan Kanthapura by Raja Rao Compare with Games at Twilight by Anita Desai Of White Hairs and Cricket by Rohinton Mistry Online Information about RK Narayan is available at: http://www. eng. fju. edu. tw/worldlit/india/narayan. html Patricia Grace (1937-) Journey Patricia Grace’s first novel, Mutuwhenua, was significant in being the first novel published by a woman Maori writer, and she has become an important figure in Maori writing in English in New Zealand. Journey shows her interest in the Maoris’ traditional claims on land. The rather dislocated narrative, with limited punctuation and no speech markings, creates the effect of creating the old man’s perspective, although the narrative is written in the third person. This old man’s perspective, with its old Maori wisdom, is shown to be out of balance with ‘these young people’, the ‘cars and railways’, the new housing and the growth of the city. His journey into the city makes him feel more and more alienated, and this is accentuated when the narrative is interspersed with the interview dialogue. The official and the old man cannot make each other understand. There is no comprehension on either side of the other’s view of how land should be used, and the story ends with frustration, violence and disillusion. In this story, Grace suggests that traditional Maori governance of land has no place in modern government and planning. Wider reading Mutuwhenua (novel) or The Dream Sleepers and Other Stories (short stories) by Patricia Grace Playing Waterloo by Peter Hawes The Bone People by Keri Hulme Compare with The People Before by Maurice Shadbolt To Da-duh, In Memoriam by Paule Marshall Online Biographical and other information about Patricia Grace is available at: http://www. artsfoundation. org. nz/patricia. html Paule Marshall (1929-) To Da-Duh, In Memoriam The narrator in this story remembers her visit from New York to her mother’s home country, which to her is the ‘alien sight and sounds of Barbados’. The story hinges on the relationship formed between the young girl and her grandmother, Da-duh of the title. While the Caribbean is unfamiliar to the young girl, who sees it as ‘some dangerous place’, Da-duh wants to show off its qualities, and a competition is established between the girl and the grandmother, between youth and age, between modernity and tradition and between New York and Barbados, which culminates in the girl’s assertion of the height of the Empire State Building, which dwarfs all that Da-duh shows her. The young girl’s triumph, however, is tempered at the end of the story by ‘the shadow’ of Da-duh’s death. Wider reading This story is taken from Merle and Other Stories by Paule Marshall. Compare with Journey by Patricia Grace Online Information about Paule Marshall is available at: http://www. answers. com/topic/paule_marshall Rohinton Mistry (1952-) Of White Hairs and Cricket This story’s concern with age and mortality is reflected in the structure, beginning with the removal of the narrator’s father’s white hairs and moving to what seems to be his friend’s father’s terminal illness. In the space of the story the narrator has his own recognition of mortality and emerges from boyhood into the adult world. He moves from considering distasteful his task of removing his father’s white hairs to a full awareness of the process of ageing which he ‘is powerless to stop’. There are other signs of this process throughout the story: the loss of the childhood cricket matches, the increasing frailty of Mamaiji, the father’s vain hope of a new job. It is the encounter with the friend Viraf, Dr Sidhwa and the glimpse of Viraf’s father which gives the narrator his epiphanic moment. Wider reading This story is taken from the collection Swimming Lessons and Other Stories. You could also try the novel Family Matters by Rohinton Mistry. Malgudi Days by RK Narayan The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Compare with A Horse and Two Goats by RK Narayan To Da-duh, In Memoriam by Paule Marshall The Enemy by VS Naipaul Games at Twilight by Anita Desai Online Biographical material is available at: http://www. contemporarywriters. com/authors/? p=auth73 Ahdaf Soueif (1950-) Sandpiper The narrator in this story is unwilling to disturb even ‘one grain of sand’, and this reflects her passivity as her relationship with her husband breaks down under cultural pressures. The relationship with him is carefully charted, almost historically, but it is significant that he is never named, and a sense of loss grows at the centre of the narrative. The narrative structure includes disconcerting juxtapositions between memory and the present to show the narrator’s sate of mind. The narrative describes a love between the two formed elsewhere; it is the return to the husband’s country which creates the cultural and family pressures on the relationship, including the loss of female independence, work and identity, which cause the couple to drift apart. Such concerns of conflicting cultural pressures are perhaps a natural concern of an author born and educated in Egypt, before continuing education in England. She now divides her time between Cairo and London. Wider reading This story is taken from a collection of short stories by Ahdaf Soueif, also called Sandpiper. The Map of Love is a novel which deals with a love affair between an Egyptian and an English woman. The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Compare with To Da-duh, In Memoriam by Paule Marshall The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Five-Twenty by Patrick White Online Biographical information about Ahdaf Soueif is available at: http://www. contemporarywriters. com/authors/? p=auth227 Adam Thorpe (1956-) Tyres The narrative of Tyres is set against the tension of German-occupied France during the Second World War, where relationships are strained, little can be openly communicated and suspicion is rife. The brutality of war suddenly intervenes in the middle of the story with the killing of the suspected members of the French Resistance movement (the Maquis) and the villagers forced to view the bodies, their ‘guts†¦literally looped and dripping almost to the floor’, before the hanging of the ringleader from the village bridge. Set against this is the gradually developing love affair between the young lad learning to maintain vehicles in his father’s garage and the girl who cycles past each day. The young man’s narration leads the reader gradually to his final act of involvement with the resistance against the Germans and its effects; ill-luck seems to be the cause of guilt, and the final revelation of the age of the narrator shows how long that guilt and fidelity has lasted. In this story, Thorpe sets ordinariness – working on cars, changing tyres, a developing relationship – against extraordinariness – the Second World War and German occupation – to create a small poignant story of war. Wider reading This story comes from Adam Thorpe’s short story collection Shifts. His novel Ulverton is a collection of very different narratives which piece together the long history of an English village. Compare with To Da-duh, In Memoriam By Paule Marshall The Moving Finger by Edith Wharton The Taste of Watermelon by Borden Deal Online Biographical information and a review of Adam Thorpe’s work is available at: http://www. contemporarywriters. com/authors/? p=auth95

Surrealism - The Movement and Artists Who Defied Logic

Surrealism - The Movement and Artists Who Defied Logic Surrealism defies logic. Dreams and the workings of the subconscious mind inspire art filled with strange images and bizarre juxtapositions. Creative thinkers have always toyed with reality, but in the early 20th century Surrealism emerged as a philosophic and cultural movement. Fueled by the teachings of Freud and the rebellious work of Dada artists and poets, surrealists like Salvador Dalà ­, Renà © Magritte, and Max Ernst promoted free association and dream imagery. Visual artists, poets, playwrights, composers, and film-makers looked for ways to liberate the psyche and tap hidden reservoirs of creativity. Features of Surrealistic Art Dream-like scenes and symbolic imagesUnexpected, illogical juxtapositionsBizarre assemblages of ordinary objectsAutomatism and a spirit of spontaneityGames and techniques to create random effectsPersonal iconographyVisual puns  Distorted figures and biomorphic shapesUninhibited sexuality and taboo subjectsPrimitive or child-like designs How Surrealism Became a Cultural Movement Art from the distant past can appear surreal to the modern eye. Dragons and demons populate ancient frescos and medieval triptychs. Italian Renaissance painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo  (1527–1593) used trompe l’oeil effects   to depict human faces made of fruit, flowers, insects, or fish. The Netherlandish artist Hieronymus Bosch  (c. 1450-1516) turned barnyard animals and household objects into terrifying monsters. Did Salvador Dalà ­ model his strange rock after an image by Hieronymus Bosch? Left: Detail from The Garden of Earthly Delights, 1503-1504, by Hieronymus Bosch. Right: Detail from The Great Masturbator, 1929, by Salvador Dalà ­. Credit: Leemage/Corbis and Bertrand Rindoff Petroff via Getty Images Twentieth-century surrealists praised The Garden of Earthly Delights and called Bosch their predecessor. Surrealist artist Salvador Dalà ­ may have imitated Bosch when he painted the odd, face-shaped rock formation in his shockingly erotic masterpiece, The Great Masturbator. However, the creepy images Bosch painted are not surrealist in the modern sense. It’s likely that Bosch aimed to teach Biblical lessons rather than to explore dark corners of his psyche. Similarly, Giuseppe Arcimboldo’s delightfully complex and freakish portraits were visual puzzles designed to amuse rather than to probe the unconscious. Although they look surreal, paintings by early artists reflected deliberate thought and conventions of their time. In contrast, 20th-century surrealists rebelled against convention, moral codes, and the inhibitions of the conscious mind.The movement emerged from Dada, an avant-garde approach to art that mocked the establishment. Marxist ideas sparked a disdain for Capitalist society and a thirst for social rebellion. The writings of Sigmund Freud suggested that higher forms of truth might be found in the subconscious. Moreover, the chaos and tragedy of World War I spurred a desire to break from tradition and explore new forms of expression.   In 1917, French writer and critic Guillaume Apollinaire used the term â€Å"surrà ©alisme† to describe Parade, an avant-garde ballet with music by Erik Satie, costumes and sets by Pablo Picasso, and story and choreography by other leading artists. Rival factions of young Parisians embraced surrà ©alisme and hotly debated the meaning of the term. The movement officially launched in 1924 when poet Andrà © Breton published the First Manifesto of Surrealism. Tools and Techniques of Surrealist Artists Early followers of the Surrealism movement were revolutionaries who sought to unleash human creativity. Breton opened a Bureau for Surrealist Research where members conducted interviews and assembled an archive of sociological studies and dream images. Between 1924 and 1929 they published twelve issues of La Rà ©volutionsur rà ©aliste, a journal of militant treatises, suicide and crime reports, and explorations into the creative process. At first, Surrealism was mostly a literary movement. Louis Aragon (1897–1982), Paul Éluard (1895–1952), and other poets experimented with automatic writing, or automatism, to free their imaginations. Surrealist writers also found inspiration in cut-up, collage, and other types of found poetry. Visual artists in the Surrealism movement relied on drawing games and a variety of experimental techniques to randomize the creative process. For example, in a method known as decalcomania, artists splashed paint on to paper, then rubbed the surface to create patterns. Similarly, bulletism  involved shooting ink onto a surface, and à ©claboussure involved spattering liquid onto a painted surface that was then sponged. Odd and often humorous assemblages of found objects became a popular way to create juxtapositions that challenged preconceptions. A devout Marxist, Andrà © Breton believed that art springs from a collective spirit. Surrealist artists often worked on projects together.The October 1927 issue of La Rà ©volution surrà ©aliste featured works generated from a collaborative activity called Cadavre Exquis, or Exquisite Corpse. Participants took turns writing or drawing on a sheet of paper. Since no one knew what already existed on the page, the final outcome was a surprising and  absurd composite. Surrealist Art Styles Visual artists in the Surrealism movement were a diverse group. Early works by European surrealists often followed the Dada tradition of turning familiar objects into satirical and nonsensical artworks. As the Surrealism movement evolved, artists developed new systems and techniques for exploring the irrational world of the subconscious mind. Two trends emerged:  Biomorphic (or, abstract)  and Figurative. Giorgio de Chirico. From the Metaphysical Town Square Series, ca. 1912. Oil on canvas. Dea / M. Carrieri via Getty Images Figurative surrealists produced recognizable representational art. Many of the figurative surrealists were profoundly influenced by Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978), an Italian painter who founded the  Metafisica, or Metaphysical, movement. They praised the dreamlike quality of de Chiricos deserted town squares with rows of arches, distant trains, and ghostly figures. Like de Chirico, figurative surrealists used techniques of realism to render startling, hallucinatory scenes. Biomorphic (abstract) surrealists wanted to break entirely free from convention. They explored new media and created abstract works composed of undefined, often unrecognizable, shapes and symbols. Surrealism exhibits held in Europe during the 1920s and early 1930s featured both figurative and biomorphic styles, as well as works that might be classified as Dadaist. Great Surrealist Artists in Europe Jean Arp:  Born in Strassburg, Jean Arp (1886-1966) was a Dada pioneer who wrote poetry and experimented with a variety of visual mediums such as torn paper and wooden relief constructions. His interest in organic forms and spontaneous expression aligned with surrealist philosophy. Arp exhibited with Surrealist artists in Paris and became best known for fluid, biomorphic sculptures such as Tà ªte et coquille (Head and Shell). During the 1930s, Arp transitioned to a non-prescriptive style he called Abstraction-Crà ©ation. Salvador Dalà ­:  Spanish Catalan artist Salvador Dalà ­ (1904-1989) was embraced by the Surrealism movement in the late 1920s only to be expelled in 1934. Nevertheless, Dalà ­ acquired international fame as an innovator who embodied the spirit of Surrealism, both in his art and in his flamboyant and irreverent behavior. Dalà ­ conducted widely-publicized dream experiments in which he reclined in bed or in a bathtub while sketching his visions. He claimed that the melting watches in his famous painting, The Persistence of Memory, came from self-induced hallucinations. Paul Delvaux:  Inspired by the works of Giorgio de Chirico, Belgian artist Paul Delvaux (1897-1994) became associated with Surrealism when he painted illusionary scenes of semi-nude women sleep-walking through classical ruins. In L’aurore (The Break of Day), for example, women with tree-like legs stand rooted as mysterious figures move beneath distant arches overgrown with vines. Max Ernst:  A German artist of many genres,  Max Ernst (1891-1976) rose from the Dada movement to become one of the earliest and most ardent surrealists. He experimented with automatic drawing, collages, cut-ups, frottage (pencil rubbings), and other techniques to achieve unexpected juxtapositions and visual puns. His 1921 painting Celebes places a headless woman with a beast that is part machine, part elephant. The title of the painting is from a German nursery rhyme. Alberto Giacometti: Sculptures by the Swiss-born surrealist Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) look like toys or primitive artifacts, but they make disturbing references to trauma and sexual obsessions. Femme à ©gorgà ©e (Woman with Her Throat Cut) distorts anatomical parts to create a form that is both horrific and playful. Giacometti departed from Surrealism in the late 1930s and became known for figurative representations of elongated human forms. Paul Klee. Music at the fair, 1924-26. De Agostini / G. Dagli Orti via Getty Images Paul Klee: German-Swiss artist Paul Klee (1879-1940) came from a musical family, and he filled his paintings with a personal iconography of musical notes and playful symbols. His work is most closely associated with Expressionism and Bauhaus. However, members of the Surrealism movement admired Klee’s use of automatic drawings to generate uninhibited paintings like Music at the Fair, and Klee was included in surrealist exhibitions.  Ã‚   Renà © Magritte. The Menaced Assassin, 1927. Oil on canvas. 150.4 x 195.2 cm (59.2 Ãâ€" 76.9 in). Colin McPherson via Getty Images Renà ©Ã‚  Magritte: The Surrealism movement was already well-underway when Belgian artist Renà © Magritte (1898-1967) moved to Paris and joined the founders. He became known for realistic renderings of hallucinatory scenes, disturbing juxtapositions, and visual puns. The Menaced Assassin, for example, puts placid men wearing suits and bowler hats in the midst of a gruesome pulp novel crime scene. Andrà © Masson: Injured and traumatized during World War I, Andrà © Masson  (1896-1987) became an early follower of the Surrealism movement and an enthusiastic proponent of  automatic drawing. He experimented with drugs, skipped sleep, and refused food to weaken his conscious control over the motions of his pen. Seeking spontaneity, Masson also threw glue and sand at canvases and painted the shapes that formed. Although Masson eventually returned to more traditional styles, his experiments led to new, expressive approaches to art. Joan Mirà ³. Femme et oiseaux (Woman and Birds), 1940, #8 from Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Constellations series. Oil wash and gouache on paper. 38 x 46 cm (14.9 x 18.1 in). Credit: Tristan Fewings via Getty Images Joan Mirà ³: Painter, print-maker, collage artist, and sculptor Joan Mirà ³ (1893-1983) created brightly colored, biomorphic shapes that seemed to bubble up from the imagination. Mirà ³ used doodling and automatic drawing to spark his creativity, but his works were carefully composed. He exhibited with the surrealist group and many of his works show the influence of the movement. Femme et oiseaux (Woman and Birds) from Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Constellations series suggests a personal iconography that is both recognizable and strange. Meret Oppenheim: Among the many works by Mà ©ret Elisabeth Oppenheim (1913-1985), were assemblages so outrageous, the European surrealists welcomed her into their all-male community. Oppenheim grew up in a family of Swiss psychoanalysts and she followed the teachings of Carl Jung. Her notorious Object in Fur (also known as Luncheon in Fur) merged a beast (the fur) with a symbol of civilization (a tea cup). The unsettling hybrid became known as the epitome of Surrealism.   Pablo Picasso: When the Surrealism movement launched, Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), was already lauded as a forefather of Cubism. Picasso’s Cubist paintings and sculptures were not derived from dreams and he only skirted the edges of the Surrealism movement. Nevertheless, his work  expressed a spontaneity that aligned with surrealist ideology. Picasso exhibited with surrealist artists and had works reproduced in  La Rà ©volution surrà ©aliste. His interest in iconography and primitive forms led to a series of increasingly surrealistic paintings. For example, On the Beach (1937) places distorted human forms in a dream-like setting. Picasso also wrote surrealistic poetry composed of fragmented images separated by dashes. Here’s an excerpt from a poem that Picasso wrote in November 1935: when the bull–opens the gateway of the horse’s belly–with his horn–and sticks his snout out to the edge–listen in the deepest of all deepest holds–and with saint lucy’s eyes–to the sounds of moving vans–tight packed with picadors on ponies–cast off by a black horse Man Ray. Rayograph,1922. Gelatin silver print (photogram). 22.5 x 17.3 cm (8.8 x 6.8 in). Historical Picture Archive via Getty Images Man Ray: Born in the United States, Emmanuel Radnitzky (1890-1976) was the son of a tailor and a seamstress. The family adopted the name â€Å"Ray† to hide their Jewish identity during an era of intense anti-Semitism.  In 1921, â€Å"Man Ray† moved to Paris, where he became important in the Dada and surrealist movements.Working in a variety of media, he explored ambiguous identities and random outcomes. His rayographs were eerie images created by  placing objects directly onto photographic paper. Man Ray. Indestructible Object (or Object to Be Destroyed), Oversized reproduction of 1923 original. Exhibition at Prado Museum, Madrid. Atlantide Phototravel via Getty Images Man Ray was also noted for bizarre three-dimensional assemblages such as Object to Be Destroyed, which juxtaposed a metronome with a photograph of a woman’s eye. Ironically, the original Object to Be Destroyed was lost during an exhibition. Yves Tanguy: Still in his teens when the word surrà ©alisme  emerged, French-born artist Yves Tanguy (1900-1955) taught himself to paint the hallucinatory geological formations that made him an icon of the Surrealism movement. Dreamscapes like Le soleil dans son à ©crin (The Sun in Its Jewel Case) illustrate Tanguy’s fascination for primordial forms. Realistically rendered, many of Tanguy’s paintings were inspired by his travels in Africa and the American Southwest. Surrealists in the Americas Surrealism as an art style far outlived the cultural movement that Andrà © Breton founded. The passionate poet and rebel was quick to expel members from the group if they didn’t share his left-wing views. In 1930, Breton published a Second Manifesto of Surrealism, which riled against the forces of materialism and condemned artists who didn’t embrace collectivism. Surrealists formed new alliances. As World War II loomed, many headed to the United States. The prominent American collector Peggy Guggenheim (1898-1979) exhibited surrealists, including Salvador Dalà ­, Yves Tanguy, and her own husband, Max Ernst. Andrà © Breton continued to write and promote his ideals until his death in 1966, but by then Marxist and Freudian dogma had faded from Surrealistic art. An impulse for self-expression and freedom from the constraints of the rational world led painters like Willem de Kooning (1904-1997) and Arshile Gorky (1904-1948) to Abstract Expressionism. Louise Bourgeois. Maman (Mother), 1999. Stainless steel, bronze, and marble. 9271 x 8915 x 10236 mm (about 33 feet high). On exhibit at the Frank Gehry-designed Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. Nick Ledger / Getty Images Meanwhile, several leading women artists reinvented Surrealism in the United States. Kay Sage (1898-1963) painted surreal scenes of large architectural structures. Dorothea Tanning (1910-2012) won acclaim for photorealistic paintings of surreal images. French-American sculptor Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010) incorporated archetypes and sexual themes into highly personal works and monumental sculptures of spiders. Frida Kahlo. Self-Portrait as a Tehuana (Diego on My Mind), 1943. (Cropped) Oil on Masonite. Gelman Collection, Mexico City. Roberto Serra - Iguana Press / Getty Images In Latin America, Surrealism mingled with cultural symbols, primitivism, and myth. Mexican artist Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) denied that she was a surrealist, telling Time magazine,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.† Nevertheless, Frida Kahlos psychological self-portraits possess the other-worldly characteristics of surrealistic art and Magic Realism. The Brazilian painter Tarsila do Amaral (1886-1973) was midwife to a unique national style composed of biomorphic forms, distorted human bodies, and cultural iconography. Steeped in symbolism, Tarsila do Amaral’s paintings might be loosely described as surrealistic. However the dreams they express are those of an entire nation. Like Kahlo, she developed a singular style apart from the European movement. Although Surrealism no longer exists as a formal movement, contemporary artists continue to explore dream imagery, free-association, and the possibilities of chance. Sources Breton, Andrà ©. First Manifesto of Surrealism, 1924.  A. S. Kline, translator. Poets of Modernity, 2010. http://poetsofmodernity.xyz/POMBR/French/Manifesto.htmCaws, Mary Ann, editor. Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology. The MIT Press; Reprint edition, 9 Sept 2002Greet, Michele. â€Å"Devouring Surrealism: Tarsila do Amaral’s Abaporu.†Papers of Surrealism, Issue 11, Spring 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/63517395/surrealism_issue_11.pdfGolding, John. â€Å"Picasso and Surrealism† in Picasso in Retrospect. Harper Row; Icon ed edition (1980)  https://www.bu.edu/av/ah/spring2010/ah895r1/golding.pdfHopkins, David, ed. A Companion to Dada and Surrealism. John Wiley Sons,  19 Feb 2016Jones, Jonathan.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Its time to give Joan Mirà ³ his due again.†Ã‚  The Guardian.  29 Dec 2010.  Ã‚  https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2010/dec/29/joan-miro-surrealism-tate-modernâ€Å"Paris: The Heart of Surrealism.† Matteson Art.  25 March 2009 mattesonart.com/paris-the-heart-of-surrealism.aspx La Rà ©volution surrà ©aliste [The Surrealist Revolution], 1924-1929. Journal Archive.  Ã‚  Ã‚  https://monoskop.org/La_R%C3%A9volution_surr%C3%A9alisteMann, Jon. â€Å"How the Surrealistic Movement Shaped the Course of Art History.†Ã‚  Artsy.net. 23 Sept  2016  Ã‚  https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-what-is-surrealism MoMA Learning. â€Å"Surrealism.†Ã‚  https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/surrealismâ€Å"Paris: The Heart of Surrealism.† Matteson Art.  25 March 2009 mattesonart.com/paris-the-heart-of-surrealism.aspxâ€Å"Paul Klee and the Surrealists.† Kunstmuseum Bern - Zentrum Paul Klee  https://www.zpk.org/en/exhibitions/review_0/2016/paul-klee-and-the-surrealists-1253.htmlRothenberg, Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris, eds.  A Picasso Sampler: Excerpts from:  The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, Other Poems  (PDF) ubu.com/historical/picasso/picasso_sampler.pdfSooke, Alastair. â€Å"The Ultimate Vision of Hell.â €  The State of the Art, BBC. 19 February 2016  bbc.com/culture/story/20160219-the-ultimate-images-of-hell Surrealism Period. Pablo Picasso.net  pablopicasso.net/surrealism-period/Surrealist Art. Centre Pompidou Educational Dossiers. Aug  2007  http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-surrealistart-EN/ENS-surrealistart-EN.htm#origins